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Getting Comfortable in the Terminal: Linux
If needed, You can Read the first Steps on the Site. Here are some Basic Terminal Commands...Step 2: Start an Application
The most basic operation that a user can do from the terminal is start an application. On almost every Linux system, simply using the name of the executable in the /usr/bin directory will start the application. For example, starting the Firefox web browser simply requires typing “firefox” into the command line and pressing enter. You should now see a session of Firefox launch on your desktop. Congratulations! You just executed your first command from the terminal!
Note: Launching an application from the terminal will lock that terminal instance so that you cannot do anything else with it. If you want to be able to use the terminal for other activities, trailing the application executable name with a “&” will put the process in the background of the terminal and you will be able to use the terminal for other things.
Step 3: Get Specific
Launching an application is not all that the terminal can do. You can launch applications and tell the application to edit such and such file (in the case of a text editor, such as Nano, Vim, or Emacs. Nano is the default terminal text editor for most Linux distributions) or you can tell a web browser to launch such and such a web page. For example, the command:
firefox www.codecademy.com will launch a session of firefox and open the session on the Codecademy home page.
Step 4: Entering Commands
Now that you know how to launch an application, you will also need to know how to traverse the file system straight from the terminal as doing so is a big part of many operations that are done in the terminal.
To start off, enter the command pwd. You should now see something along the lines of
/home/{username}/ The above command stands for Print Working Directory so the directory that you see posted to the terminal is the directory that the terminal is currently in. Now enter the command “ls”. You should now see something along the lines of:
Desktop/ Documents/ Downloads/ Music/ Pictures/ Videos/ And all of the other folders that your home directory contains. The ls command can be thought of as standing for LiSt the contents of the present folder.
A Brief Note on Flags
Before we go any further, you will need to know about flags. Flags are options that are passed to a command that extend the command to accomplish another task at the same time.
Now type the command ls -a (-a meaning all). You should see everything that you saw using the ls command but also you should see a bunch of folders and files that begin with a .. These extra files/folders are “hidden” so as not to clutter up your home directory with files that you may only open once in the life of the computer (if that). As you may have guessed, the difference between a hidden and not hidden file is the beginning dot. The dot tells Linux to hide the folder/file.
Step 5: Change Directories
One last command that you must know to be able to start using the terminal effectively is the cd command. If you type cd by itself, you most likely will go back to your home directory or nothing will happen. This is because the cd command stands for Change Directory.
Because you didn’t pass cd an argument, the terminal has no clue what folder it should enter. The most important cd arguments that you will need to know are {childFolderName}, .., . and ~.
{childFolderName}argument tells the terminal to enter the folder in the current directory by the name of{childFolderName}-
..tells the terminal to go to the parent folder of the current directory .when used in conjunction with/{folderName}tells the terminal to enter the child folder of the current directory by the name of{folderName}~tells the terminal to go back to the home directory (/home/{username}).
Other Useful Commands
Here is a list of other commands that you will probably find useful:
mkdir“Makes” a directory in the file system at the specified file path.rmDeletes (“removes”) the file at the specified file path.-
rmdirDeletes the directory at the specified path. manOpens the MANual pages for the specified command or application. For example,man lswill open the man page that contains all of the information and flag options for the “list” command. This is especially useful to see if a program offers any extra functionality or to figure out how to configure a program.
That's it! Now you're ready to get started in your terminal.
Want to start with the basics? Try our Python track to get started.
Read More...
http://www.codecademy.com/blog/72-getting-comfortable-in-the-terminal-linux
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